Retailing walls are built for the purpose of restraining soil to unnatural slope. They retain soil lying between two regions of uneven elevations. The areas they are constructed vary. They are often constructed in places where engineering and shaping needs to be done severely for functions like hillside farming and roadway overpass. Other area where a retaining wall may be constructed is a place where there is an undesirable slope.
These walls come in many types. Common examples are gravity, cantilever, anchored, and piling walls. Their purpose is supporting a wedge of soil. The retained soil tends to shift downslope because of gravitational pull. As such, the design and construction must be done in a way as to counteract this tendency. Gravitational pull results in lateral earth pressure in the supported material. How much pressure is generated varies with the angle of friction and cohesive strength of retained material.
The ability of gravity walls depends on their mass to resist pressure behind. They get made of heavy material including concrete and stone. Batter setback may be incorporated to improve their stability so that they lean back toward the material that is being held back. The dry-stacked variety of gravity walls are made flexible and in areas prone to frosting, the footing is not made rigid.
Most retaining walls constructed during the early years of the 20th century were of the gravity variety. Their construction was done using big masses of concrete and stone. Those that are being constructed in modern times are made of composite materials. Major construction materials include crib walls, soil-nailed walls, and gabions. Construction of gabions is done using stacked steel wire baskets which are filled with rocks.
The making of cantilevered retaining walls involves the use of internal stems of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete, and mortared masonry. In some circumstances, buttressing is done to the front side. More strength for supporting heavier loads is achieved through the addition of counterfort. Fronts may also be buttressed. Buttresses resemble wing walls and their installation is done perpendicularly to main walls. It takes less construction material to make cantilevered walls in comparison to gravity walls.
Sheet pile retaining walls are placed in tight spaces and soft soils. They are made from a wide variety of materials including wood planks, vinyl, or steel driven into the soil. At least a third of the material is driven into the ground while two thirds remain above the ground. However, depending on the environment, these measurements may be altered.
Bored pile walls are built by assembling a series of bored piles. Excess soil in the construction site must be excavated first. The construction process employs many techniques and processes including soil enhancement operations, reinforcing beams, earth anchors, and shotcrete reinforcement layer. Bored pile walls can be built anywhere where sheet piling walls are feasible but cannot be built as a result of excess vibration and noise the process involves.
A lot of evolution has occurred in construction styles. The methods of reinforcing the walls are also many and diversified. Some of the commonly used retention methods employed are cellular confinement, soil-strengthening, soil nailing, and gabion meshes.
These walls come in many types. Common examples are gravity, cantilever, anchored, and piling walls. Their purpose is supporting a wedge of soil. The retained soil tends to shift downslope because of gravitational pull. As such, the design and construction must be done in a way as to counteract this tendency. Gravitational pull results in lateral earth pressure in the supported material. How much pressure is generated varies with the angle of friction and cohesive strength of retained material.
The ability of gravity walls depends on their mass to resist pressure behind. They get made of heavy material including concrete and stone. Batter setback may be incorporated to improve their stability so that they lean back toward the material that is being held back. The dry-stacked variety of gravity walls are made flexible and in areas prone to frosting, the footing is not made rigid.
Most retaining walls constructed during the early years of the 20th century were of the gravity variety. Their construction was done using big masses of concrete and stone. Those that are being constructed in modern times are made of composite materials. Major construction materials include crib walls, soil-nailed walls, and gabions. Construction of gabions is done using stacked steel wire baskets which are filled with rocks.
The making of cantilevered retaining walls involves the use of internal stems of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete, and mortared masonry. In some circumstances, buttressing is done to the front side. More strength for supporting heavier loads is achieved through the addition of counterfort. Fronts may also be buttressed. Buttresses resemble wing walls and their installation is done perpendicularly to main walls. It takes less construction material to make cantilevered walls in comparison to gravity walls.
Sheet pile retaining walls are placed in tight spaces and soft soils. They are made from a wide variety of materials including wood planks, vinyl, or steel driven into the soil. At least a third of the material is driven into the ground while two thirds remain above the ground. However, depending on the environment, these measurements may be altered.
Bored pile walls are built by assembling a series of bored piles. Excess soil in the construction site must be excavated first. The construction process employs many techniques and processes including soil enhancement operations, reinforcing beams, earth anchors, and shotcrete reinforcement layer. Bored pile walls can be built anywhere where sheet piling walls are feasible but cannot be built as a result of excess vibration and noise the process involves.
A lot of evolution has occurred in construction styles. The methods of reinforcing the walls are also many and diversified. Some of the commonly used retention methods employed are cellular confinement, soil-strengthening, soil nailing, and gabion meshes.
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